ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: High prevalence of malnutrition has impact that often causes problems in body organs. Various reports suggest an association between malnutrition and chronic kidney failure. However, the effect of malnutrition on the immunological status of the kidney has not been identified. Objective: to identify the effect malnutrition on the immunological status of the kidney. Methods: It was an experimental study with post test only control group design to compare two dietaries intake in two mice groups. Group 1, mice were given with standard intake. Group 2, mice were fed with low protein diet. The variables analyzed were the expression of IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β in kidney tissue by immunohistochemistry and comparative test using Mann-Whitney test. Results: Eleven dead mice were found in the low protein diet group until day 75. At the end of observation, the number of mice in control group remained 10, while, in malnutrition group, there were 9 mice which were still alive but in a state of malnutrition. Based on comparative test between the group receiving and not receiving low protein diet, it was found that the expression of IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β in kidney tissue showed a significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: Low protein diet in malnutrition affects the immunological status of the kidney as marked by the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β in the kidney tissue of mice model.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To describe the clinical manifestation of patient with severe dengue, to identify the serotypes and genotypes of dengue viruses (DENV) which concurrently infecting the patient, and to explore the possible relationship of severe dengue with the concurrent infection of DENV.@*METHODS@#Dengue diagnosis was performed using NS1 antigen detection and IgG/IgM ELISA. Standard clinical and laboratory examinations were performed to obtain the clinical and hematological data. DENV concurrent infections were detected and confirmed using RT-PCR and DENV Envelope gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine the genotypes of the viruses.@*RESULTS@#The patient was classified as having severe dengue characterized by severe plasma leakage, hemorrhage, and organ damage involving lung, liver, and kidney. Concurrent infection of DENV serotype 2 and 3 was observed. The infecting DENV-2 virus was grouped into Cosmopolitan genotype while DENV-3 virus was classified into Genotype I. Both viruses were closely related to isolates that were endemic in Jakarta. Viremia measurement was conducted and revealed a significantly higher virus titer of DENV-3 compared to DENV-2.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The occurrence of multi-serotype DENV infections was presented in a patient with severe clinical manifestation in Indonesia. The hyperendemicity of dengue in Indonesia may contribute to the DENV concurrent infections cases and may underlie the severity of the disease.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the clinical manifestation of patient with severe dengue, to identify the serotypes and genotypes of dengue viruses (DENV) which concurrently infecting the patient, and to explore the possible relationship of severe dengue with the concurrent infection of DENV. Methods: Dengue diagnosis was performed using NS1 antigen detection and IgG/IgM ELISA. Standard clinical and laboratory examinations were performed to obtain the clinical and hematological data. DENV concurrent infections were detected and confirmed using RT-PCR and DENV Envelope gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine the genotypes of the viruses. Results: The patient was classified as having severe dengue characterized by severe plasma leakage, hemorrhage, and organ damage involving lung, liver, and kidney. Concurrent infection of DENV serotype 2 and 3 was observed. The infecting DENV-2 virus was grouped into Cosmopolitan genotype while DENV-3 virus was classified into Genotype I. Both viruses were closely related to isolates that were endemic in Jakarta. Viremia measurement was conducted and revealed a significantly higher virus titer of DENV-3 compared to DENV-2. Conclusions: The occurrence of multi-serotype DENV infections was presented in a patient with severe clinical manifestation in Indonesia. The hyperendemicity of dengue in Indonesia may contribute to the DENV concurrent infections cases and may underlie the severity of the disease.